Virtual Machine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Virtual Machine - Essay Example Virtual machine is a collection of software like JVM (java virtual m/c) that provides run time environment (e.g. data structure support) to user applications. Such software is now referred with the terms virtualization that is running two or more copies of the same operating system or two or more different operating systems and virtual servers. The host software, which provides this capability, is often referred to as a virtual machine monitor or hypervisor. It resides between the hardware and the "guest" operating systems. There are four major conceptual models of Virtual Machines used today and cater for different problem The IBM Model as demonstrated in the IBM S/390 solved the need for a single computer system that could simulate multiple computers with different operating systems. instruction set and maps JVM calls to operating system calls. It simulates a fake CPU that interprets the fake CPU instructions (what is usually referred to as byte code). The most significant feature of the Java Virtual Machine the ability write a program once and execute it with Java Virtual Machines on multiple platforms. The OSI Virtual Machine and the Unix Virtual Machine, represented by the Unix user shell are used to create operating systems and providing services and functions at the operating system level that did not exist in the system hardware. The OSI Virtual Machine model solved the problem of providing services and functions at ... The OSI Virtual Machine model solved the problem of providing services and functions at the operating system level that did not exist in the system hardware. The Unix Virtual Machine model solved series of computer engineering problems by addressing the need for a modular approach to managing the launching and control of Unix processes. The success of the Unix operating systems is to a largely to the versatility and scalability of the Unix process. The History of Virtual Machines Around 1965 the researchers at IBM Yorktown Research center, developed first virtual machine environment, for the IBM System/360 mainframe called VM, which was entirely based in software. Later, IBM developed an implementation of its notion of a virtual machine and added hardware circuits to provide more robust and speedy partitioning between system images. This real world operating system, allows the user to share the resources available on their mainframe computers with many people, thus creating a multiple user environments. . This machine is now known as the IBM System 370 (S/370) and the IBM System 390 (S/390). These machines make use of the IBM VM/ESA operating system and are collectively referred to as IBM's VM lineage. Virtual Machine Research Paper 4 Benefits of running a virtual machine Virtual machine allow user to write applications on one OS and it can be executed on a machine which runs a different OS.One use is to provide multiple users the illusion of having an entire computer. Another advantage is that booting and restarting a virtual machine can be much faster than with a physical machine, since it may be possible to skip tasks such as hardware initialization. Virtual machine allows for testing OS's and requires less

Case Study in Communications Research Project Essay

Case Study in Communications Research Project - Essay Example ting the social and political condition of the society but is also responsible, if not completely yet in a major proportion, in bringing a change in the political scenario of the country. This report explores the history of the Chilean New Song Movement. After this, the identity of the movement and the cultural imperialism are discussed. Finally, we will have a glance on the musical contribution of the Chilean New Song Movement. . (Chanan, 1995) Chilean got independence on February 12, 1818, and the last of its territory, Chiloà ©, was freed from Spanish rule by 1826. The Chilean society, since the early years of 19th century, was a reflection of the stratified colonial social structure, family politics, and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church. By the early 1960s, the culture of Chile had already been under the great influence from the other nations, especially United States of America. During these years, many dramas, radio programmes, music and popular magazines were either imitators of, or the exports from United States. For example, in terms of films, the study of Movie Listing for theaters of Santiago reveals that atleast 28 out of 41 films being shown on July 24, 1969 were from the united Sates. Two Argentine, two soviet and two soviet films can also be identified. Such an influence of US culture in the Chilean society was an alarming situation for those Chileans having a sense of nationalization in them. It was not just the US films; the dominance of US culture on the Chilean one was evident in almost all the aspects of the culture of a society. (Taffet, 2000) Such situation provoked few young leftists to help redevelop an independent cultural identity. Victor Jara became the founder of this movement. She was supported by Violeta Parra, Isabel and Angela Parra, Osvaldo Rodriuez, Patricio Manns, Ronaldo Alarcon and the groups Quilpayaun and Inti-Illimani. Their collective music efforts are known as The Victor Parra, the founder of the New Chilean

Impact of Chemotherapy Induced Diarrhoea (CID)

Impact of Chemotherapy Induced Diarrhoea (CID) This assignment will critically explore one impact of cancer treatment, examining the physiological nature of the impact. I will analyse strategies for alleviating the impact, considering the contribution of the multi-disciplinary team. I will discuss the contribution of healthcare professionals to holistic care analysing the professional and ethical dimensions of practice. Finally I will evaluate the effectiveness of the current management of the identified impact. The one impact of cancer treatment which I have chosen to look at is chemotherapy induced diarrhoea (CID). The London Cancer Alliance (2013) reports that patients receiving chemotherapy are at risk of developing severe diarrhoea, and the prevalence has been reported to be as high as 50–80%. Sherman (2008) explains that diarrhoea has a significant impact on quality of life and can contribute to malnutrition, weight loss, immunosuppression, and mortality. I have personally encountered CID in my practice and have seen how debilitating it can be for service users both physiologically and psychologically. According to Stein (2010) the pathophysiology of chemotherapy induced diarrhoea is multifaceted, complex and still undergoing further investigation. This is also acknowledged by Gibson and Keefe (2006) who believe that CID is likely to be caused by combinations of varying factors which include, altered gut motility; colonic crypt damage, impairing water absorption in the colon, changes to intestinal microflora, affecting absorption and altered fluid transport in the colon. Robinson and Dobish (2007) believe that the absorptive and secretory capacity within the gut is altered during chemotherapy due to the toxicity damaging the intestinal epithelium, inflammation of the bowel wall and superficial necrosis. Which according to Stringer (2009) causes a difference between secretion and absorption in the small bowel resulting in diarrhoea. Viele (2003) suggests that there are two mechanisms by which chemotherapy may induce this. First, the diarrhoea is caused by changes in intestinal absorption which may or may not be accompanied by excessive electrolyte and fluid secretion. Second, the diarrhoea may be a consequence of a combination of mechanical and biochemical changes caused by the chemotherapy. These intestinal functional changes are thought to be a result of direct toxicity of the chemotherapy on the colonic crypt stem cells. Death of these cells leads to a cascading effect where immature crypt cells attempt to compensate by releasing more secretory compounds (Viele, 2003). The small intestine is also thought to play a role whereby the villi are unable to absorb fluids correctly, leading to a skewed ratio of fluid absorption and secretion. In addition, chemotherapy is reported to destroy the brush border enzymes, which are responsible for the digestion of both carbohydrates and proteins, and this causes more gut-wall secretions to occur (Rutledge and Engelking, 2008). Sharma (2005) informs us that if CID is uncontrolled the consequences can be devastating both physically and psychologically. According to Cherny (2008) diarrhoea can lead to, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, renal issues and even death. Viele (2003) reminds us that the impact if CID is not just physiological, the psychological effects of diarrhoea include depression, social isolation and anxiety. Patients suffering from CID will often require additional healthcare resources, such as admission, which will raise the cost of the patients care for the healthcare service (Dranitsaris et al 2005). Arnold (2005) explains that CID can interfere with cancer treatments affecting scheduled treatment plans, dose reductions ultimately leading to a worse outcome. In a reflective study of cancer patients who acquired CID, Arnold et al (2005) discovered that 65% of patients experienced a decrease in dose intensity, a dose reduction was required in 45%, a delay in treatment was experienced in 71%, and 3% had their therapy discontinued. Maroun et al (2007) conclude that treatment delays, discontinuation and dose reductions have a direct adverse effect on patient mortality and morbidity. Therefore clear objectives must be in place in order to manage chemotherapy induced diarrhoea effectively. According to Skelley (2005), healthcare professionals must promptly diagnose and treat patients with CID, minimise treatment delays, maximise chemo intensity and therefore maximise the patients’ quality of life whilst undertaking treatment. Skelley (2005) states that to manage diarrhoea in an acute setting effectively healthcare staff need to maintain an accurate stool chart and should grade diarrhoea using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria for Diarrhoea. The London Cancer Alliance (2013) supports the use of a grading system and shows one in their management literature and has added symptoms into the table to help aid in grading diarrhoea more effectively. The LCA (2013) add that mucositis and neutropenia from the chemotherapy treatment can also significantly increase complications associated with CID. Prompt recognition and swift appropriate treatment are essential. Therefore by completing the aforementioned measures, medical staff are enabled to choose the correct treatment options and it also helps to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment. Also we must ensure that a stool culture taken, so as to rule out any infections or other causes which could further prolong or alter treatment plans. It is important for healthcare professionals to actively encourage patients to report their bowel movements, because patients can fear that reporting diarrhoea will delay their treatment (Maroun, 2007). As a healthcare professional we should aim to reassure patients that prompt diagnosis and early treatment can prevent delays to their chemotherapy. According to Cherny (2008) patients with CID should have a full assessment including medical history, dietary history and medication review. Before treating CID other common causes of diarrhoea should be considered and excluded. These could include, adverse medication effects, concurrent Disease such as, Crohn’s disease, diverticulitis and ulcerative colitis, viral Infection, bacterial Infection, faecal Impaction, diet and psychological Factors (LSA, 2013). Benson (2004) believes that patient education is the vital underpinning to the management of CID and before commencing chemotherapy, patients must be fully informed of the potential risks and what actions to take, if they develop diarrhoea. Patients will require nutritional advice and the LCA (2013) guides us by showing the initial management for CID which we can in turn offer to patients. This includes drinking 8–10 large glasses of clear fluids per day to prevent dehydration and stopping lactose-containing products since lactose intolerance can develop when the mucosa is damaged. Patients need to avoid spices, high-fibre foods, high-fat foods, caffeine, alcohol and fruit juices. Small frequent meals such as bananas, toast and plain pasta are also recommended. There are many more aspects to dietary advice therefore input from a dietician would be beneficial. Benson et al (2004) show that in diarrhoea grades 1–2 Loperamide is the recommended medication, 4mg followed by 2mg after every loose stool up to 16mg daily. If diarrhoea persists, high dose Loperamide should be used and Codeine Phosphate 30–60mg QDS can be added, also a stool culture needs to be taken if not previously done. The patient will need to be admitted to hospital if not already an inpatient if the diarrhoea persists or becomes grade 3-4 after 24-48 hours. At this point Octreotide is the recommended treatment as a sub-cutaneous injection, 300mcg/24hr for 5 days, increasing to 600mcg/24hr if not effective (LCA, 2013). According to Barbounis et al (2001) Octreotide has a 60% 90% success rate in resolving persistent diarrhoea. Zidane (2001) explains that although Octreotide has proven to be more successful than Loperamide, it still remains as a second line treatment due to its high cost. Chemotherapy induced diarrhoea has tremendous effects on patients’ quality of life, the management of cancer patients requires increased attention to this side effect from nurses. Targeted education is needed to help nurses implement systematic assessment and documentation. Nurses must ensure to communicate effectively with patients and caregivers in every setting about the nature of diarrhoea and its causes, as well as develop appropriate interventions for each individual. As such, nurses need to maintain current knowledge of the causes and available treatment strategies for CID. It is also imperative to remember the beneficial effect that diet may play in alleviating diarrhoea symptoms. Reference List Arnold, R. J. Gabrail, N. Raut, M. Kim, R. Sung, J. C. Zhou, Y. (2005) ‘Clinical implications of chemotherapy-induced diarrhea in patients with cancer’. The Journal of Supportive Oncology, 3(3), pp. 227-232. Available at: http://www.oncologypractice.com/jso/journal/articles/0303227.pdf (Accessed: 22 March 2014). Benson, A.B. Ajani, J.A. Catalano, R.B. Engelking, C. Kornblau, S.M. Martenson, J.A. (2004) ‘Recommended guidelines for the treatment of cancer treatment-induced diarrhea’. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22, pp. 2918–2926. Available at: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/22/14/2918.long (Accessed: 30 March 2014). Cherny, N. I. (2008). ‘Evaluation and management of treatment-related diarrhea in patients with advanced cancer: A review’. Journal of Pain Symptom Management, 36(4), pp. 413-423. Available at: http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0885-3924/PIIS088539240800111 5.pdf (Accessed: 8 April 2014). Dranitsaris, G. Maroun, J. Shah, A. (2005) ‘Severe chemotherapy-induced diarrhea in patients with colorectal cancer: A cost of illness analysis’. Supportive Care in Cancer, 13(5), pp. 318-324. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15614493 (Accessed: 01 April 2014). Gibson, R J. Keefe, D M. (2006) Cancer chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea and constipation: mechanisms of damage and prevention strategies. Support Care Cancer. 14, pp 890–900. Available at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00520-006-0040-y (Accessed: 01 April 2014). Hogan, C M. (1998) The nurses role in diarrhea management. Oncology Nurses Forum. 25 (5), pp879-86. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9644704 (Accessed: 23 March 2014). London Cancer Alliance (2013) LCA Acute Oncology Clinical Guidelines. Available at: http://www.londoncanceralliance.nhs.uk/media/56533/FINAL LCA Acute Oncology Clinical Guidelines September 2013.pdf (Accessed: 9 March 2011). Maroun, J.A. Anthony, L.B. Blais, N. Burkes, R. Dowden, S.D. Dranitsaris, G. (2007) ‘Prevention and management of chemotherapy-induced diarrhea in patients with colorectal cancer: a consensus statement by the Canadian working group on chemotherapy-induced diarrhea’. Current Oncology, 14, pp. 13–20. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1891194/ (Accessed : 10 March 2014). Rutledge, D N. Engelking, C. (2008) Cancer-related diarrhea: selected findings of a national survey of oncology nurse experiences. Oncology Nurses Forum. 25, pp 861–873. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9644704 (Accessed 01 September 2012). Sharma, R. Tobin, P. Clarke, SJ. (2005) ‘Management of chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, oral mucositis, and diarrhoea’. Oncology. 6, pp. 93–102. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470204505017353# (Accessed: 5 April 2014). Sherman, D S. Fish, D N. (2008). Management of protease inhibitor associated diarrhea. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 30, pp 908–914. Available at: http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/6/908.long (Accessed 01 April 2014). Skelley, K. (2005) ‘Management of chemotherapy induced diarrhoea in adults with cancer’ (Online). Available at: http://www.ruh.nhs.uk/about/policies/documents/clinical_policies/ local/405%202006 %20Management%20of%20Chemotherapy%20Induced% 20Diarrhoea.pdf (Accessed: 22 March 2014). Stein, A. Voigt, W. Jordan, K. (2010) ‘Review: Chemotherapy-induced diarrhea: pathophysiology, frequency and guideline-based management’. Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology. 2 (51). Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles /PMC3126005/pdf/10.1177_1758834009355164.pdf (Accessed: 28 March 2014). Stringer, A.M. Gibson, R.J. Logan, R.M. Bowen, J.M. Yeoh, A.S. Laurence, J. (2009) ‘Irinotecan-induced mucositis is associated with changes in intestinal mucins’. Cancer Chemotherapy Pharmacology, 64, pp. 123–132. Available at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/d45k70508772318j (Accessed: 3 April 2014). Viele, C. S. (2003) ‘Overview of chemotherapy-induced diarrhea’. Oncology Nursing, 19(4 Suppl 3), pp. 2-5. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S074920810300114 (Accessed: 23 March 2014). Zidan, J. Haim, N. Beny, A. Stein, M. Gez, E. Kuten, A. (2001) ‘Octreotide in the treatment of severe chemotherapy-induced diarrhea’. Annual Oncology, 12, pp. 227–229. Available at: http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/2/227.long (Accessed 22 March 2014).

Creole Men of The Awakening by Kate Chopin Essay -- essays research pa

In Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, the Creole men are as diverse and different as Edna. Kate Chopin’s story centers around a woman, unsatisfied with her life in a man dominated society. The three main male characters resemble typical men of that era. Chopin shows the diversity of each of those three characters- Roberts awakening, and the struggle to do the right thing, Alcee and his carefree and unconcerned attitude towards society's expectations, and Mr. Pontiller, a business man, with little time left for wife and family. In exploring these three men in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening, there are certain aspects of each that are the same. All live in the 1800’s were morale reputation was considered to be the utmost importance to the businessman. Yet, Alcee seems unconcerned with any morale or business responsibility. In exploring the character of Robert, who seems to be at a crossroad in his life, doesn't know weather he should search for his fortune, find a wife, prosper, and be respectable, or do the unthinkable and just follow his heart. But he ends up going to Mexico to work because he knows his love for Edna will always be forbidden. Mr. Pontellier is the typical Creole husband and businessman. â€Å"Leonce is convinced that fulfilling monetary needs excuses the paucity of time he spends with the children, never presuming that some needs cannot be monetarily satisfied: {â€Å"He has his hands full with his brokerage business †¦making a living for his family on the street†(885)} Perhaps because he is aware of his own neglect, Leonce projects his guilt onto Edna, "expecting a flawles mammal performance on her part to remedy his domestic absence.† (Patrsn, Out Of A Convention of Awakening, np) Patterson describes Leonce has having ... ...a tragic loss. Mr Pontieller will remarry as soon as the proper mourning period has passed because he has his two sons, who need a mother, to think about. Meanwhile Leonce’s mother keeps the boys with her so Leonce can conduct business as usual. Alcee truly misses his friend and mourns her loss for a while. Then his attentions are drawn to some other woman, and Edna is forgotten. Robert takes it the hardest. He truly loved Edna and harbors some guilt for her death. He mourns Edna’s loss and doesn't listen to gossip of mental instability as others talk about her. Robert takes a long time to find another love, but eventually, he finds the love of his life, and only thinks, on occasion, of Edna. Eventually, all the men in Edna's lives move on. Weather they continue to think about her or not, the impact she made on their lives is what makes them the men they are now.

Color and Psychological Functioning: The Effect of Red Essay

INTRODUCTION The research is conducted to study whether or not the color influence arousal. Color is everywhere. Everyone encounters different colors everyday. Our perceptual experiences are greatly affected by the different colors surrounding us. Past studies have reported that color do affect our physics, physiology and psychology but there is a scarcity of literature regarding color perception and its effects on our psychological functioning (Fehrman & Fehrman, 2004; Whitfield & Wiltshire, 1990). Only few studies have been done earlier to support this hypothesis that red color has negative affect on performance. Elliote et al. (2007) hypothesized that red color impair performance because it evokes avoidance motivation. Different studies have focused on effect of color on performance achievement and the positive role of color in achieving high performance. Some studies have reported the influence of red color on psychological performance. Researchers have been trying to find out those colors that would achieve high performance and improve learning capability among students. According to Goldstein (1942) our body interacts with different colors and reacts, which is manifested in our psychological functioning. He proposed the idea that few colors are disagreeable for human perception and hence when we perceive them their outcomes negate our performance. Similarly, some colors are agreeable and have positive impact on our performance. Those with longer wavelength are arousing (red) and have negative impact on our performance while those with shorter wavelength (neutral) are cooling and calming and have positive impact on our performance. Audio and visual stimuli increases blood flow in cerebral cortex has been used as an affordable technique for different kind of diseases (Othmer, 2004). Whatever the stimulant be, arousal is a factor that attracts and alerts the brain. Arousal from music can have varying impact. Music that is fast arouses brain function while classical music may have just the opposite affect. Rock music is arousal while classic music is calming. Studies have reported that audio-visual entertainment can be used as stimulant for brain to work actively (Othmer, 2004). Arousal is an important part of our brain functioning. Brain’s cortical arousal is said to be directly correlated with the improved performance and determine how well brain can perform. In too much excitement brain releases alpha or theta and hence to pay attention on any job is not possible. One study has shown that rock music can reduce hyperactivity (Cripe, 1986). Purpose of the study is to determine whether high visual or audio arousal affects person’s capability of answering questions of SAT passage. The rationale is to find out the affect of visual and audio arousal on psychological functioning of mind during the process of deep thinking and understanding. Hypothesis Red color has high visual arousal and can impair person’s thinking process and delay their responses to answer questions of SAT passage. Method Participants Fourteen (6 male and 8 female) UCLA undergraduates participated in the experiment as a requirement to complete the class. Participants was restricted to any individual who were native English speakers, did not have a language related disability, and were not red colorblind. The mean age of participants was 23 years old with a range of 20-25 years. Materials The stimuli used in this experiment were four package of Standardized Test (SAT) question, two stop watch, two copies of instruction, two speaker and two separated rooms. Each package has 8 SAT ‘fill in the blank’ questions with same level of difficulty. We are having 16 different packages with different reading passage but the same level of difficulty. The questions were taken from the SAT preparation by Barron’s Verbal Section. We divided participants randomly into four different groups. Each group consist 4 participants and each participant will experience the same set of question but in different order. This will prevent the order effect. There are four different sets of order used in this experiment. There are Punk music – red color, Classical music – red color, Punk music – neutral color, Classical music – neutral color Eight of them are with the classical music and eight of them are with rock music. For visual arousals we also test with the red and neutral color. Eight of them are with red color and eight of them with neutral color. After sometime each group will be exposed to one condition one by one.   Group 1 will be exposed to Audio (rock), Group 2 to Audio (classic), Group 3 to red color and Group 4 to white color. The group that were exposed to rock music while the remaining two groups were exposed to red color and then asked to answer another list of questions from the SAT passage. Procedure This experiment is 2X2 within-subject experiment. Participants were assigned to all of the four with within-subject experimental conditions: the Punk-Red, Punk-White, Classical-Red and Classical-White. Anagram performance served as the dependent measure. The general ability is the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) score. Balanced latin square is used in order to avoid specific items effect and order effect. Therefore, in each group they will not be exposed to the same things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Participants tested individually by an experimenter for blindness. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimenters in this and all subsequent experiments were aware that color played a role in the experiment, but they remained unaware of the color hypotheses throughout the data collection process. Participants are divided into four groups with 4 individuals per group. Each participant will be offered to do questions under normal environmental condition.   Balanced Latin square setup will be used to determine which set of experiments will be used for each group participants. Two groups were to be selected for color arousal and two for music arousal. All the participants in the 4 groups were offered to solve questions from SAT passage while time for each participant was noted. After sometime two groups were exposed to rock music while the remaining two groups were exposed to red color and then asked to answer another list of questions from the SAT passage. Subjects of Audio arousal (Rock vs. Classical music) Good hearing capability No reading and writing disability All were native English speakers Subjects of Visual Arousal (Red and White color) None were color blind No reading or writing disability All were native English speakers    Participants Punk-Red Punk-White Classical-Red Classical-White   Design This experiment was conducted 2X2 within subjects design experiment so each participant experienced both level of variation with the experiment. This experiment deals with two-way design with two level of variable. There are two variable in this experiment; independent variable and dependent variable. The first independent variable (IV) has two levels. We will be judging audio arousal at two level : high and low. We operationally define this as classical music versus rock music. Our second independent variable is visual stimulation. We define visual stimulation as a color that evokes urgency versus one that is neutral (i.e. red vs. white). The control of this experiment is the difficulty of the question, length of the syllable, time, font size of the words, sample, response type, and presentation style, question order and the presentation style. We also control it by making the balance latin square. The balance latin square is used therefore we can conclude that this test is within subject test two way but two levels and the variable manipulated is the level of arousal. Results A factorial design (color condition: red vs. white) and (audio condition: punk vs. classical) within subject ANOVA was conducted on analogy performance. The result were as follow: Punk White: M 5.21, SD = 1.477; Punk Red : M = 5.00, SD = 1.177; Classical White : M = 5.14, SD = 1.748 ; Classical Red : M = 4.64, SD = 1.64. The analysis revealed an effect of premanipulation analogy performance on analogy performance, F (1,13)   = 0.511 The result indicate there are no main effect and no interaction. Our studies show that rock music and red color is arousal and does distract person’s attention to perform particular work. However, the impact of red color is not as extensive as rock music. There was statistically significant difference between the results produced under control condition and rock music arousal. The answers produced during rock music arousal were not correct or either left blank because of arousal and distraction created by the music. Participants with white background color white threat performed significantly better compared to red color. Participants with punk music performed better compared to classical. PW > CW  Ã‚   and PR > CR PW > PR  Ã‚  Ã‚   and CW > CR Discussion Small discrepancies in the results and experiment might have affected our results. Our predictions were made solely on the basis of previous studies. However, current results due to several reasons. Those who were exposed to classical music deviated and their attention was grasped in listening music, hence they performed poorly on the test. Due to the reason that they were not able to concentrate on reading the passage as music was on. However, punk music didn’t grasp their attention as classical music, hence, their performance was better while they were hearing punk music. In order to make it better we believe next time we should have be a better research protocols. We need to have a better stimulation and prediction of another variable such as the confounding variable, internal validity and the other. It might be because of the confusion created while answering questions or because questions were not well ordered. Some had similar pattern and some have different pattern. Some of the questions have one fill in the blank and some have two fill in the blanks. One variable like color of the paper itself is a variable and can affect performance and create confusion. We also have a problem with the internal validity with the visual stimulation. There are two level of problem in this case. The first one is the sound of the music. We didn’t have a standard for the sound, about the loudness (how loud we want). For e.g. when we played punk music, we played it too loud but when we played classical music, it was not as loud as the punk therefore we believe some variations in the result were due to lack of internal validity. One more thing that can affect our experiment results is that punk music has lyrics and the classical didn’t have any lyrics at all. Some of the participants when they came out from the punk-music room with lyrics and enter the classical-music room with no lyrics, the participants psychologically will be wondering about the lyrics. Some of the participants can study or concentrate with lyrics and some of them cannot. Mostly with lyrics music ‘on’ it is harder to answer the questions because our brain function is divided into two. It is hard to focus for two things. Results with the red color show worst performance, hence, when punk-music and red color both were used, the performance was worst of all other group sets. The reason for this is evident that it is harder to concentrate with such variables that deviate concentration and we tend to focus more on the music than on the questions itself. The frequency also gives a high effect on this. There are low frequency and high frequency of sound in music. Color, have a wavelength. Red, have a high wavelength. For example: Red has higher wave length then blue. If we add up a variety of different color wavelength we are going to have white. The tone that we get is analog to the white. Color Red is said to be arousal itself. Red color taken was similar to that of blood or heart. It’s a classic in nature. Red is used as a sign of danger, in normal day-to-day life red means to stop or it’s dangerous to continue after that. Color red is considered as sign of bad. A graph shows arousal in inverted U shape. It means that initially the level is low then it gains peak and goes high and then back to low again. Other errors occurred were that data was not collected accurately and the sample was small not big. Do you want this below paragraph must be incorporated in the discussion? Reference Fehrman, K. R., & Fehrman, C. (2004). Color: The secret influence (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Goldstein, K. (1942). Some experimental observations concerning the influence of colors on the function of the organism. Occupational Therapy and Rehabilitation, 21, 147–151. Othmer, Siegfried (2004) Applying Audio-Visual Entrainment Technology for Attention and Learning (Part3). Retrieved from http://www.eeginfo.com/newsletter/archive_files/822106688_article_3.pdf Whitfield, T. W., & Wiltshire, T. J. (1990). Color psychology: A critical review. Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs, 116,387–412. Elliot, Andrew J., Maier, Markus A., Moller, Arlen C. and Friedman, Ron., Meinhardt, Jo ¨rg (2007). Color and Psychological Functioning: The Effect of Red on Performance Attainment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2007, Vol. 136, No. 1, 154–168

Nacirema Case Paper

The Nacirema case study reminds us how cultural rituals were many years ago and how some of them are still existing today. The Nacirema tribe has many unconventional practices of how they live day to day. From the article â€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema,† it is clear that they believe their bodies are not attractive and should not be presented in a promiscuous way. Professor Linton documented the North American Tribe who think their bodies as naturally disgusting. They perform daily magic rituals to their bodies to prevent it from being decayed or diseased in anyway. Some of the rituals use potions, charms and physical suffering. One ritual they focused on was the one that was concerning the mouth. The Nacirema tribe believed that there is a strong relationship between their mouth and their social life. If they did not perform the oral rituals, it was correlated to them losing their friends and families. They perform a daily â€Å"mouth-rite† which is done by â€Å"inserting a magic bundle of hog hairs into the mouth, along with certain magical powder, and then moving the bundle in a highly formalized series of gestures. † (Allard 20) This body ritual is performed daily by everyone in the Nacirema Tribe. If I was to relate this ritual to something similar in the American culture, I would relate to people brushing their teeth every morning. The bundle of hog hairs (pretty disgusting to put in your mouth) is the same as the American toothbrush. The magic powder is similar to the toothpaste and the action of moving it in a series of formalized gestures is the same as us moving our toothbrush around our mouth to brush our teeth (I’m pretty sure everyone has a routine of how they brush their teeth every morning – I know I do). Along with that, the people also visit the â€Å"mouth-men† voluntarily once or maybe twice a year for torturous mouth rituals. The â€Å"holy-mouth-man† enhances any existing holes in the person’s teeth by using crude tools and then continues to fill the holes with â€Å"magical materials. † These magical materials that are placed into the holes of the teeth are used to stop their teeth from decaying and to draw friends closer. What surprised me is that even if these people did not have any naturally occurring holes in their teeth, the â€Å"holy-mouth-man† would gauge out normal teeth to purposely make holes in the client’s mouth. He would then follow through to filling them with the â€Å"magic materials. Part of this ritual is similar to the American culture of visiting the dentist. It is recommended for people to visit the dentist at least once or twice a year. The idea of filling any holes in the teeth seems like they are talking about people having cavities in the teeth. In the American culture, dentists use ‘fillers’ which is similar to the â€Å"magic al material† used to fix the holes in the teeth. I am surprised that the â€Å"holy-mouth-man† would proceed to make a hole in a client’s teeth even if they are perfectly fine. I find that appalling and not similar to the American culture. I also find it to be strange that these people still visit the â€Å"holy-mouth-man† even though their teeth are not getting any better. They still continue to go through the suffering just to be accepted in the Nacirema Tribe. After reviewing the article by Horace Miner, it is apparent that people of the Nacirema Tribe seem to have a reason for everything they do regardless of whether it is right or wrong or makes sense or not. Some of those reasons make sense but the main one that concerns me is why they inflict pain and harm on one another in these forms of rituals when physical torture is not even required for them. A prime example would be the one I discussed earlier of making holes in teeth when their teeth are perfectly fine. There is no need to purposely cause pain to the client to make a hole in their teeth when it is not necessary. This kind of behavior is related to people who are associated with masochism and sadism. Masochism is derived from inflicting pain on one self and sadism is derived from inflicting pain on others. The people are going to the â€Å"mouth-men† to inflict pain on themselves even if they do not need to. What is interesting is that Nacirema is actually American spelled backwards. It brings attention to whether these types of rituals are all make-believe or fantasy with the terms used such as â€Å"magic. † These rituals would not be accepted in the American culture (in the horrendous way it is described) but it relates to diversity and the acceptance of everyone’s culture regardless of whether you will follow it or not per say. This article is a great example of people during barbaric things which might not be acceptable to one person but is the norm to another.